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电影视频片段英文对白在线阅读 |
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the equivalent of a 45-lane highway!
In the year 841, the emperor Wuzong
proceeded down this avenue
to the altar of heaven
accompanied by ' two hundred thousand
guards and soldiers'!
The imperial city was the
administrative heart of the empire.
Within its large walled enclosure were
government offices of both civil
and military functions, headquarters
of imperial guards and the spectacular
palaces of the imperial family.
It was also here that the emperor came
to conduct ritual sacrifices
at the imperial ancestral temple
and at the imperial heav
Its streets were full of foreigners
from India, Central Asia and Japan -
travelers, merchants and missionaries
lured by tales
of China's fabulous wealth.
It was a time of openness to new
ideas, and of religious tolerance.
And so in the year 742
the emperor allowed a great mosque to
be erected in the Muslim quarter
of the city of Chang'an,
where it still caters to the faithful
today.
This mosque is built like a Chinese
courtyard temple
but with an east-west, rather than the
customary north-south axis,
so the temple can face Mecca.
The type of building the West most
identifies with China is the pagoda.
But it is not originally a Chinese
building at all.
Chinese historians have traced how the
pagoda made its way to China
from India.
During the first century AD, the
emperor at the capital of Luoyang
opened the silk road,
exporting silks and ceramics from
China and importing spices and
medicines.
With these imports came something
that would change China forever:
rumors of a new immortal called
Sakyamuni: the Buddha.
In 67 AD the emperor had a dream
about a golden flying holy man.
So he sent officials to India to find
out more about this new immortal.
These officials met two Indian monks
who brought back Sanskrit Buddhist
scriptures to Luoyang on a white horse.
The emperor was pleased
and so the two Indian monks founded
the first Buddhist temple in China -
the white horse temple right here in
Luoyang.
In this building the two Indian monks
carefully translated the Buddhist
scriptures into Chinese; scriptures
which would have profound impact
not just on China,
but on the cultures of Korea and Japan.
And on the grounds of this temple the
monks supervised the construction
of a new type of building never seen
before in China -
a pagoda.
But what exactly is a pagoda?
In Sanskrit, the ancient language of
the Buddhist sutras,
the word "Stupa" or "Dagoba" means
a heap,
as in putting dirt or stone in a pile
on top of a tomb
to mark the place of burial of a holy
man
or of some part of his bodily remains,
a lock of hair, a fingernail
or a bone.
So the pagoda began as a shrine which
held a holy relic.
That original pagoda at the white
horse temple is gone,
but just a few miles away nestled
against one of China's five holy
mountains,
lies the oldest surviving pagoda in
China.
The Songyue pagoda was built in 523
AD,
and retains the original Indian shape
of a stupa.
Close by is the Shaolin temple -
birthplace of Zen Buddhism and
more famously, Kung Fu.
Successive Abbots of the order were
buried here behind the temple -
at the famous forest of pagodas.
The oldest one here is 1400 years old,
with the newest one erected just a few
years ago.
This Indian form of stupa eventually
mixed with the native Chinese watchtower
to form the distinctive Chinese style
pagoda
that is so symbolic of China's
landscapes.
Soon pagodas incorporated many classic
Chinese architectural elements
like post and beam construction,
and duo gong brackets.
Later pagodas copied these design
features
in stone and brick to carefully
mimic the classical wooden structures.
The largest and most imposing of
these is perhaps the most famous
pagoda in all of China...
the wild goose pagoda.