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电影视频片段英文对白在线阅读 |
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This pagoda was originally built in
wood in the year 704 at the specific
request of the monk X uanzong,
hero of the famous Monkey King
legend 'Journey to the West'.
It was built to house the sacred
Buddhist texts
which he had brought back from India.
Though originally wooden, it was
later rebuilt in brick and stone.
An endless variety of pagodas were
built in China,
and eventually the original meaning
as a shrine containing a holy relic
was diminished.
In China the pagoda evolved into both
a practical watch tower
and a defense against evil spirits.
Pagodas could be seen at a great
distance to aid travelers.
And almost every town or city in
ancient China had at least one
pagoda built in the North-east corner
of the town
to block the entry of evil spirits
coming from that inauspicious
"devil direction".
One emperor took the on architectural
legacy
of his ancestors, and outdid them all.
The vision of the Emperor Yongle was
most grandiose in Chinese history.
We can find a monument to this vision
in an unlikely place.
The Yangshan stone tablet, nestled the
hills outside the old capital of
Nanjing in southeastern China,
is not described in tourist guidebooks
and even many Chinese living
in Nanjing don't know about it.
Probably because it's just a rock.
But what a rock!
The site is an old imperial quarry.
The emperor Yongle, who ruled in the
early 15th century, wanted to
construct the grandest tomb imaginable
for his father, Hongwu, the founder
of the Ming dynasty.
So in this quarry, he ordered the
construction of a headstone in
three parts -
base, tablet and cap stone.
It was to be the biggest memorial in
the world.
Court engineers designed a tablet that
would have been 85 meters
or 256 feet high -
longer than a 747 passenger plane.
Thousands of workers spent years of
unimaginable labor carving the
stone from the mountain.
It was only then they began to think
about how they were going to
move the tablet to the gravesite.
It weighs 31,000 tons, and even with
today's technology
there is probably no way
it could be easily moved.
In the end, the emperor Yongle
conceded failure,
but he had many other grand building
projects in mind,
and, as we see from this rock, Yongle,
never did anything in a small way.
Because he had wrested the throne away
from a rightful heir,
he took pains to show filial piety.
And so for his mother he built the
famous porcelain pagoda of Nanjing.
Destroyed in the last century;
it is still remembered today as one of
the great wonders of the world
during the middle ages.
Its fame inspired countless imitations
in European gardens,
like this pagoda in the royal gardens
at Kew in England.
When Yongle moved his capital to
from Nanjing to Beijing,
he envisioned a magnificent shining
city rising out of the plain,
built on the spot where Khubilai Khan
had set his winter capital.
At its center would be the imperial
city, facing south,
and just south of the city would be a
fabulous temple at which he
could pray to heaven.
Countless workers and artisans turned
Yongle's dream into reality.
Craftsmen from throughout the land
came to adorn the city with
symbolic detail,
such as nine rows of nine knobs on all
the doors,
screens of nine dragons,
and pairs of lions to guard important
halls.
Again we see the symbolic importance
of the number nine -
the largest odd integer, representing
the emperor.
After Yongle, twenty-three emperors
spanning nearly five hundred years
ruled from this palace and worshipped
at this altar.
Yongle named his palace the purple
forbidden city -
alluding to the purple pole Star,
which we have seen is a celestial
metaphor for the emperor's pivotal role
in the terrestrial world.
But this is his masterpiece:
the Temple of Heaven.
The whole park was designed to create
a dialogue between man and heaven;
a dialogue transmitted through the
emperor with his Mantle and
mandate of Heaven.
Here, at the winter solstice, the
emperor performed his most
important task:
to pay homage and to report to
Heaven on the state of the realm.
During the two-day service,
all traffic in Beijing stopped and all
windows and doors were closed
while the emperor proceeded from the
forbidden city to the temple.
The temple complex consists of three
sections on a north-south axis: